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PGS 473: The Politics and Psychology of Child Maltreatment

Professor: Kelly Champion
Librarian: Joe Buenker

This webpage highlights library materials and web-sites focused on human smuggling issues - and is intended to demonstrate the impact of this criminal enterprise on both the victim and social services agencies.

The Impacts of Involuntary Sexual Exploitation and Human Smuggling on Social Service Providers

Concept 1 Keywords: Human trafficking; sex trade; sex slaves; forced exploitation; human rights violations; victims; victimization

Concept 2 Keywords: immigrants; immigration; immigration law; child protection law; law; legislation; social services; human services; service providers; law enforcement; mental health; psychology


Jump-To:   Overview    ASU West Websites    Library of Congress Subject Headings    Books & Videos    Journal Indexes/Datbases    Additional Websites

 


Overview of Sexual Trafficking of Persons

According to Susan Tiefenbrun, "For the rich and powerful in the international organized crime networks, the cost of doing business in the sex trafficking trade is small; the risk of getting caught is also relatively small, and the punishment for trafficking is much weaker than the penalty for drugs or weapons traffic." Tiefenbrun defines sex trafficking as "the recruitment, abduction, transport, harboring, transfer, sale, or receipt of persons within national or across international borders, through the use of fraud, coercion, force, or kidnapping, for the purposes of placing persons in situations of slavery-like conditions, forced labor, or services, domestic servitude, bonded sweatshop labor or other debt bondage." She concludes that "The need for mental health services for sex trafficked victims is often greater than the counseling needs of other victims of domestic violence."

Tiefenbrun examines the economic benefits and legal punishments of sex trafficking, the relationship of sex trafficking and drug trade, and urges readers to view the practice "as a universal crime linked to slave trade," She argues that "Since 176 countries have some kind of legislation that can be used to prosecute trafficking, and only fifteen out of 191 countries and territories report having no such trafficking laws at all ... it is clear that the presistence of sex trafficking is not due to insufficient legislation. Rather, it is due to inadequate enforcement of existing international and domestic laws, poor prevention programs, and ineffective protection programs for victims." She notes the potential of the Victims Protection Act (2000) to change this, stating that it "finally provides an adequate and just sentence for the crime of sex trafficking by doubling the former ten-year minimum sentence to twenty years and by establishing a maximum life sentence in prison." Tiefenbrun concludes by stating that "Sex trafficking is an international crime that can only be eradicated by changing basic values about women's worth, by changing pernicious cultural practices that deprive women of their human rights, and by changing the economics of criminal activity."


Relevant ASU West Websites


Amnesty International at ASU West
http://www.west.asu.edu/amnesty/
Border Justice
http://www.west.asu.edu/borderjustice/
"An ASU West annual event and forum."
Border Justice
http://www.west.asu.edu/borderjustice/mjb/academics/library.htm

 


Recommended Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSHs)


Subject headings relating to sexual abuse, human rights violations, and human smuggling

Abused children
Adult child sexual abuse victims
Child abuse
Child labor
Child labor -- Law and legislation
Child molesters
Child molesters -- United States -- Psychology
Child Prostitution
Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse -- Diagnosis
Child sexual abuse -- Government policy
Child sexual abuse -- Investigation
Child sexual abuse -- Prevention
Child sexual abuse -- Psychological aspects
Child sexual abuse -- United States
Child sexual abuse -- United States -- Prevention
Children -- Legal status, laws, etc.
Children -- Social conditions
Children in pornography
Children's rights
Crimes against children
Human rights
Human smuggling
Illegal aliens
Illegal aliens -- Government policy -- United States
Illegal aliens -- United States
Legal assistance to children -- United States
Male prostitution
Mothers of sexually abused children
Parents of sexually abused children
Pedophilia
Pornography
Pornography -- United States
Prostitution
Prostitution -- Cross cultural studies
Prostitution -- Law and Legislation
Prostitution -- United States Rapists
Sex crimes
Sex crimes -- Psychological aspects
Sex crimes -- United States
Sex offenders
Sex offenders -- Mental health services
Sex offenders -- Psychology
Sex offenders -- Rehabilitation
Sex-oriented businesses
Sex tourism
Sexual consent
Sexually abused children
Slavery -- History -- 20th Century
Smuggling
Smuggling -- United States
Social work with...
Social work with sex offenders
Teenage child molesters
Teenage prostitution
Teenage sex offenders
Trafficking (not a recognized Library of Congress Subject Heading)
Transnational crime
Travelers -- Sexual behavior
Victims of Crime
Victims of Crime -- Counseling of
Victims of Crime -- Legal status -- Laws, etc. -- United States
Victims of crimes -- Psychology
Victims of crimes -- Services for
Women -- Social conditions -- Cross cultural studies
Women child molesters
Youth -- Crimes against

 


Recommended Books & Videos


Mobilizing place, placing mobility: the politics of representation in a globalized world
GF21 .M63 2002 West Stacks
Includes "Touring, routing and trafficking female geobodies : a video essay on the topography of the global sex trade" by Ursula Biemann. (catalog record)
Children's rights
H1 .A4 v.575 2001 West Stacks
Includes "The sex trade industry's worldwide exploitation of children" by R. Barri Flowers. (catalog record)
Stop the traffick [video]
HD6250 .C16 S86 2001 VIDEO West Media
Thirty years of war have left Cambodia ravaged and poverty-stricken, making it particularly vulnerable to the child labor industry. Children as young as 10 years old are trafficked into cities from rural areas to become sex workers or trafficked out to Thailand to work as beggars, domestic laborers, or laborers on construction sites. This program examines the trade and new efforts by the International Labor Organization and local groups to rescue the children and stop the traffic. (catalog record)
Stolen lives: trading women into sex and slavery
HQ115 .A4513 1995 West Stacks
(catalog record)
The sexual trafficking in children: an investigation of the child sex trade
HQ144 .C35 1988 West Stacks
(catalog record)
Sex slaves: the trafficking of women in Asia
HQ231.85 .A5 B766 2001 West & Stacks
(catalog record)
Travels in the skin trade: tourism and the sex industry
HQ242.55 .B3 S43 2001 West & Hayden Stacks
(catalog record)
The traffic in women: human realities of the international sex trade
HQ242.55 .A5 S57x 1997 West & Hayden Stacks
(catalog record)
Disposable people: new slavery in the global economy
HT867 .B35 1999 West Stacks
(catalog record)
Global human smuggling: comparative perspectives
JV6201 .G56 2001 West Stacks
(catalog record)
Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress
RC552.P67 P745 2003 West Stacks
See the publisher's description (catalog record)

 


Recommended Journal Indexes/Databases


To identify periodical literature (journal, magazine and newspaper articles/reports), use the Fletcher Library's List of Resources.
Note: To access licensed electronic journal indexes and/or full-text journals and encyclopedias, you must have an active Library PIN (see the Library PIN Help Page).


Academic Search Premiere
Alt Press Watch
Contemporary Women's Issues
Criminal Justice Abstracts
Ethnic Newswatch
Left Index
Lexis Nexis Academic Legal Research
Contains many relevant articles, including:
Tiefenbrun, Susan. "The Saga of Susannah: A U.S. Remedy for Sex Trafficking in Women: The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000." Utah Law Review. 107, pp. 107-175.
NCJRS Database (National Criminal Justice Reference Service)
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts

 


Additional Websites


Abolition of Forced Labor Convention (1957)
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/32.htm
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948)
http://www.cidh.oas.org/Basicos/basic2.htm
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Anti-Slavery International
http://www.antislavery.org/
Arresting Transnational Crime
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0801/ijge/ijge0801.htm
From Global Issues, an electronic journal of the U.S. Department of State.
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
http://www.catwinternational.org/
" The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) is a non-governmental organization that promotes women's human rights. It works internationally to combat sexual exploitation in all its forms."
Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking
http://www.castla.org/
CAST's mission is "To assist persons trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and slavery-like practices and to work toward ending all instances of such human rights violations."
Commission on the Status of Women
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/
"The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) was established as a functional commission of the Economic and Social Council by Council resolution 11(II) of 21 June 1946 to prepare recommendations and reports to the Council on promoting women's rights in political, economic, civil, social and educational fields. The Commission also makes recommendations to the Council on urgent problems requiring immediate attention in the field of women's rights."
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/index.htm
Documents from the United Nations.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
According to Susan Tiefenbrun "So far 165 nations have ratified CEDAW, but the United States has not."
"The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, is often described as an international bill of rights for women. Consisting of a preamble and 30 articles, it defines what constitutes discrimination against women and sets up an agenda for national action to end such discrimination."
Dignity International Resource Center: Networking to End Violence and Sexual Exploitation
http://www.uri.edu/dignity/
Donna M. Hughes, Professor of Women Studies, University of Rhode Island
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/
Hughes provides full-texts access to her numerous publications on trafficking, violence and sexual exploitation.
ECPAT International (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes International)
http://www.ecpat.net/eng/index.asp
" ECPAT is a network of organisations and individuals working together to eliminate the commercial sexual exploitation of children. It seeks to encourage the world community to ensure that children everywhere enjoy their fundamental rights free from all forms of commercial sexual exploitation."
Equality Now
http://www.equalitynow.org/english/index.html
"Equality Now was founded in 1992 to work for the protection and promotion of the human rights of women around the world. Working with national human rights organizations and individual activists, Equality Now documents violence and discrimination against women and adds an international action overlay to support their efforts to advance equality rights and defend individual women who are suffering abuse. Through its Women's Action Network, Equality Now distributes information about these human rights violations to concerned groups and individuals around the world, along with recommended actions for publicizing and protesting them. The Women's Action Network is committed to voicing a worldwide call for justice and equality for women. Issues of urgent concern to Equality Now include rape, domestic violence, reproductive rights, trafficking of women, female genital mutilation, and equal access to economic opportunity and political participation."
Free the Slaves
http://www.freetheslaves.net/
The Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women
http://www.gaatw.net/
"The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) was formed at the International Workshop on Migration and Traffic in Women held in Chiang Mai, Thailand in October 1994. Since that time, GAATW has grown into a movement of members consisting of both organisations and individuals worldwide, and has coordinated, organised and facilitated work on issues related to trafficking in persons and women's labour migration in virtually every region of the world."
Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/bosnia/
A November 2002 from Human Rights Watch.
Human Rights Watch
http://hrw.org/
"Human Rights Watch is the largest human rights organization based in the United States. Human Rights Watch researchers conduct fact-finding investigations into human rights abuses in all regions of the world. Human Rights Watch then publishes those findings in dozens of books and reports every year, generating extensive coverage in local and international media."
Human Rights Watch: Campaign Against the Trafficking of Women and Girls
http://www.hrw.org/about/projects/traffcamp/intro.html
"Human Rights Watch is the largest human rights organization based in the United States. Human Rights Watch researchers conduct fact-finding investigations into human rights abuses in all regions of the world. Human Rights Watch then publishes those findings in dozens of books and reports every year, generating extensive coverage in local and international media."
HumanTrafficking.com
http://www.humantrafficking.com/
"The Mission of HumanTrafficking.com is to serve as a research and activism center for the anti-trafficking community. This site is designed to strengthen and expand the movement through helping us communicate with each other, learn from one another, and mutually support our work."
Human Trafficking: A Growing Criminal Market in the U.S.
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/ht.html
Written by James O. Finckenauer and Jennifer Schrock; International Center, National Institute of Justice.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
http://www.cidh.oas.org/
"The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) is one of two bodies in the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The Commission has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The other human rights body is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which is located in San José, Costa Rica."
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
International Humanitarian Campaign Against the Exploitation of Children
http://www.helpsavekids.org/
International Organization for Migration
http://www.iom.int/
"After half a century of worldwide operational experience, IOM has become the leading international organization working with migrants and governments to provide humane responses to migration challenges."
Investigations: Human Smuggling
http://www.ice.gov/graphics/enforce/invest/invest_hs.htm
From U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
Making the Harm Visible: Global Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls: Speaking Out and Providing Services
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvtoc.htm
This is a free web-version of a book published in 1999 by the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. Edited by Donna Hughes and Claire Roche.
Migration Information Source
http://www.migrationinformation.org/
" The Migration Information Source provides fresh thought, authoritative data from numerous global organizations and governments, and global analysis of international migration and refugee trends. A unique, online resource, the Source offers useful tools, vital data, and essential facts on the movement of people worldwide."
Needs Assessment for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims
http://www.calib.com/home/practice_areas/cfcs/pdf/traffick.pdf
Full-text report; prepared by Caliber Associates, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute for Justice.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
http://www.unhchr.ch/hchr_un.htm
"The United Nations vision is of a world in which the human rights of all are fully respected and enjoyed in conditions of global peace. The High Commissioner works to keep that vision to the forefront through constant encouragement of the international community and its member States to uphold universally agreed human rights standards."
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/
United States Department of State
Pathbreaking Strategies in the Global Fight Against Sex Trafficking
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/c8628.htm
From the U.S. State Department.
Polaris Project: Combating Trafficking of Women and Children
http://www.polarisproject.org/polarisproject/
"Polaris Project is committed to combating sex trafficking and to strengthening the anti-trafficking movement through direct intervention, grassroots advocacy, and research for action."
Project Hope International
http://www.phi-ngo.org/
"Project HOPE International (PHI) is a nonprofit organization based in the greater Washington, DC region dedicated to counter human trafficking. PHI is founded and run entirely by a dynamic core of committed young professionals, activists and university students, all of whom have strong career and academic orientations toward matters of human security. Many members have either lived in, or traveled to, Southeast Asia, providing an invaluable regional knowledge and cultural sensitivity that is unique in the field of anti-trafficking initiatives."
Prostitution Research and Education
http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/
"Prostitution Research & Education (PRE) is sponsored by the San Francisco Women's Centers, a nonprofit corporation. PRE develops research and educational programs to document the experiences of people in prostitution."
The Protection Project
http://www.protectionproject.org/
"The Protection Project is a legal human rights research institute based at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C. The project documents and disseminates information about the scope of the problem of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, with a focus on national and international laws, case law, and implications of trafficking on U.S. and international foreign policy."
Resources and Contacts on Human Trafficking Compiled by The Initiative Against Trafficking in Persons, The International Human Rights Law Group
http://usmex.ucsd.edu/research/justice_pdfs/richard_trafficking_biblio.pdf
From the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.
Responses to Human Trafficking
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0603/ijge/ijge0603.htm
From the June 2003 issue of Global Issues, an electronic journal of the U.S. Department of State.
Responses to Human Trafficking: Books and Documents
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0603/ijge/gj10.htm
Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States: International and Domestic Trends
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/programs/sex_traff_us.pdf
A 141 page full-text report written by Janice Raymond, Ph.D. (University of Massachusetts) and Donna Hughes, Ph.D. (Univeristy of Rhode Island).
Slavery Without Borders: Human Trafficking in the U.S.-Mexico Context
http://www.csis.org/americas/pubs/hf_v12_05.pdf
David Shirk and Alexadra Webber. Hemisphere Focus XII:5 (Jan. 23, 2004).
The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery
http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0005F839-CC90-1CC6-B4A8809EC588EEDF
From Scientific American.
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (1956)
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/30.htm
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Toolkit to End Violence Against Women
http://toolkit.ncjrs.org/
Prepared by the National Advisory Council on Violence Against Women, this full-text report is divided into 16 chapters.
Toolkit to End Violence Against Women - Chapter 16, The United States Within the International Community - Responding to Trafficking in Persons
http://toolkit.ncjrs.org/files/fullchapter16.pdf
Trafficking in Human Beings
http://www.interpol.int/Public/THB/default.asp
"Interpol exists to help create a safer world. Its aim is to provide a unique range of essential services for the law enforcement community to optimise the international effort to combat crime."
Trafficking in Human Beings
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_human_beings.html
From the United Nations.
Trafficking in Human Beings - Publications
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/publications/publications_trafficking.html
From the United Nations.
Trafficking in Persons
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/help/tip.htm
From the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Victims of Crime.
Trafficking in Persons: A Guide for Non-Governmental Organizations
http://www.dol.gov/wb/media/reports/trafficking.htm
From the U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau.
Trafficking in Persons: The New Protocol
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_protocol_background.html
From the United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime.
Trafficking in Persons and Worker Exploitation Task Force
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/tpwetf.htm
From teh U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division.
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2003
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/21555.pdf
From the U.S. State Department.
Trafficking Victims Protection 2000
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf
From the U.S. State Department.
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/28225.pdf
From the U.S. State Department.
United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/index.html
From the United Nations.
United States Department of State: Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/
From the U.S. State Department.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf
From the United States Department of State
Vital Voices: Anti-Trafficking and Human Rights
http://www.vitalvoices.org/desktopdefault.aspx?page_id=277
"Vital Voices Global Partnership’s Anti-Trafficking and Human Rights Program is dedicated to the worldwide elimination of violence against women."
What Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Service Providers Need to Know About Sex Trafficking
http://www.azcadv.org/PDFs/SexTraffickingManual.pdf
A 149 page full-text report from the Arizona Coalition against Domestic Violence.
WomenWatch: UN Information and Resources on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/
"WomenWatch is a central gateway to information and resources on the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women throughout the United Nations system, including the United Nations Secretariat, regional commissions, funds, programmes, specialized agencies and academic and research institutions. It is a joint United Nations project created in March 1997 to provide Internet space for global gender equality issues and to support implementation of the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action."
Women's Environmental & Development Organization
http://www.wedo.org/
"WEDO is an international advocacy network that seeks to increase the power of women worldwide as policymakers in governance and in policymaking institutions, forums and processes, at all levels, to achieve economic and social justice, a peaceful and healthy planet and human rights for all."


Psychology Research

 

Modified: August 06, 2007,